And despite this additional recorded cost, the year over year change represents a significant improvement in gross margins versus last year. Total 2023 operating expense, excluding severance, decreased by approximately $3,500,000 to $21,900,000 from the $25,500,000 in 2022. Research and development expense decreased by approximately $1,700,000 in 2023 to $10,800,000 versus 12 $500,000 incurred in 2022, primarily attributable to a reduction in stock based compensation of $500,000 a decrease of $500,000 related to lower consulting, third party and professional service fees a $400,000 reduction in engineering supplies, components and chip development due to project timing, a $200,000 related to reduced regulatory testing and fees and $100,000 of lower postage related costs. Sales and marketing, general and administrative, s and A expenses for 20232022 were $11,100,000 12.9 dollars respectively. The reduction of approximately $1,800,000 is primarily due to a 1 point $5,000,000 reduction in personnel related and stock based compensation costs, a 0 point administrative costs and a decrease in insurance premiums and board fees of $200,000 partially offset by increased relating to legal fees, investor relations and corporate expenses of approximately $500,000 Severance expenses decreased by approximately $400,000 to $400,000 in 2023.