Heidi Petz
President and Chief Executive Officer at Sherwin-Williams
Thank you, Jim. I'll begin with the Paint Stores Group, where sales increased 2.3% against a mid-teens comparison. Volume drove the increase as our previous price increase annualized in September. Segment margin improved 210 basis points to 19.3%. Protective and marine, commercial and residential repaint drove the growth. Strength in these markets was partially offset by decreases in new residential and property management.
From a product perspective, exterior and interior paint sales both increased by low single-digit percentages. Exterior sales grew faster, but were a smaller part of the mix. We opened 35 new paint stores in Paint Stores Group in the fourth quarter and a total of 76 new stores in 2023. We also announced a 5% price increase to our customers in the quarter effective February 1.
Moving on to our Consumer Brands Group, sales decreased by 7.1% in the quarter, which was better than our guidance. Sales increased mid-teens percentage in Europe and Latin America. Sales decreased in North America by a low double-digit percentage as customers managed their inventories lower due to soft paint demand, partially offset by an increase in the Pro Who Paints sales.
Adjusted segment margin, which excludes acquisition-related amortization expense and impairment charge related to trademarks in Europe and the negative impact from the significant devaluation of the Argentine peso in December, was 10.8%. The decrease from last year's fourth quarter was driven by lower volume and higher non-operating costs.
Sales in the Performance Coatings Group increased slightly with continued choppiness across each of our businesses and regions. Acquisitions and favorable effects were offset by lower volume. Adjusted segment margin, which excludes acquisition-related amortization expense and the Argentine devaluation impact, improved to 17.3%. This is the fourth straight quarter this team has delivered year-over-year segment margin improvement.
This performance reflects execution of our strategy, moderating raw material costs and the ongoing value we are providing customers. Industrial wood led the growth, including the impact of recent acquisitions. Coil and automotive refinish also delivered solid growth. Packaging was down as expected. General industrial was impacted by lower demand in all regions. DCG sales varied significantly by region with growth in Europe and Latin America and decreases in North America and Asia Pacific.
From a full year perspective, I will provide just a few highlights before turning to our 2024 outlook. At this time a year ago, you'll recall an environment of tremendous macro uncertainty with single-family housing starts down an average of more than 20% for seven consecutive months, existing home sales down a similar percentage, soft PMI manufacturing indices in all regions and most economists predicting a hard recession. Against that backdrop, we provided guidance that we believed was appropriate.
We also said that if conditions improved, our performance would be better than our initial guidance and that is exactly what happened. I could not be more proud or thankful for the efforts of our 64,000 employees throughout 2023. On a consolidated basis, our team delivered record full year sales, adjusted EBITDA, adjusted diluted net income per share and net operating cash. We returned a total of $2.1 billion to our shareholders in the form of dividends and share buybacks in 2023.
We delivered these results while reinvesting in the business by design and at an accelerated rate to drive continued above-market growth and enhanced profitability. In terms of capex, we invested $590 million, including approximately $205 million for building our future R&D lab projects. We expect to begin occupying these facilities by the end of 2024. We ended the year with a net debt to adjusted EBITDA ratio of 2.3 times.
Looking at our reportable segments on a full year basis. Paint Stores grew sales by a high single-digit percentage and expanded its margin. Sales increased in all end markets, except new residential, which was down less than 1%. This new residential performance was remarkable given the state of the market and reflects our share gains. Performance Coatings also grew its top line, while further integrating recent acquisitions and achieving a high-teens adjusted segment margin. The full year adjusted margin performance is the best since the Valspar acquisition in 2017.
Consumer Brands had a challenging year on the top line with lower sales resulting from soft DIY demand, but adjusted segment margin expanded. We're confident our aggressive portfolio adjustments completed during the year, including the divestiture of non-core aerosol product lines and the China architectural business, should result in improved future profitability. I am confident that we further separated ourselves from our competitors in 2023, and that's exactly what we intend to do again in 2024.
Our success in 2023 stemmed from executing on our strategy, which remains unchanged. We provide differentiated solutions that enable our customers to increase their productivity and profitability, and for which they are willing to pay and stay. These solutions center on industry and application expertise, innovation, value-added services, and differentiated distribution.
We also have momentum in the enterprise strategic priorities that are illustrated in our slide deck and that I first described at our Investor Day last August. I am confident that continued execution of our strategy and our enterprise priorities will spur the next era of profitable growth for Sherwin-Williams.
So, turning to our outlook. We enter 2024 with confidence, energy, and a commitment to seize profitable growth opportunities in our targeted and market segments. We expect to outperform the market just as we have in the past. And while the macro environment feels better today than it did a year ago, it still contains a number of uncertainties.
On the architectural side, U.S. new residential sentiment has improved. Single-family starts have been up year-over-year for six consecutive months. Mortgage rates are expected to begin moderating but will remain well above historic levels. In residential repaint, existing home sales drove a portion of our sales and have declined year-over-year for 28 straight months. The trajectory of recovery is not clear here, and the LIRA Index is forecasting negative remodeling spend in 2024. However, there are numerous other drivers for repaint, and our investments and our model give us confidence that we will continue to grow share.
In new commercial, starts slowed considerably in 2023, which we expect will impact completions starting midway through 2024. Commercial lending standards have also tightened, and the Architectural Billing Index has been negative for five consecutive months. On the DIY side, we will remain in share-gain mode, as we do not currently see a macro economic catalyst driving meaningful improvement in consumer demand, though any improvement in existing home sales could be a tailwind.
On the industrial side, the PMI numbers for manufacturing in the U.S., Europe and Brazil have largely been negative for multiple months, with China being slightly better recently. We expect automotive refinish to be our most resilient business in this environment, and we expect to see ongoing benefit from recent share gains. Industrial wood is likely to benefit from recovery in new residential, given the furniture, flooring and cabinetry end markets it serves. We expect coil will grow, driven by significant new account wins over the past year. Protective and marine should continue to have momentum, but will face challenging comps. We expect general industrial demand to remain choppy.
In packaging, we expect industry volume for food and beverage cans to be flat to down in 2024. We will also see a negative short-term impact related to temporary volume shifts, which occurred as a result of our Garland production plant incident last August. We fully expect to recover this volume in stages in 2024 and 2025, while also winning new business. Longer term, we remain bullish on our packaging business and our differentiated non-BPA solutions.
Our Garland plant is fully back online, and we are bringing on additional capacity in other locations during the first half of the year. We continue to have excellent new account and share of wallet opportunities in every business and in every region. The continued growth investments we have made over the past year give us tremendous confidence in pursuing these opportunities and gaining share.
Moving to the cost environment. Our outlook assumes our raw material costs will be down by a low single-digit percentage in 2024 compared to 2023. We expect to see the largest benefit occurring in the first half of the year as comparisons become more challenging in the back half, where the entire basket decreased low double-digits. While raw materials will likely be a benefit for us, other costs, including wages, healthcare, energy, and transportation are expected to be up in the mid to high single-digit range in 2024. I will remind you that these categories also inflated in 2023.
Working with our customers, we delayed additional Paint Stores' price increases last year, given the pricing actions that we took in 2021 and 2022. We cannot, however, ignore these escalating costs indefinitely. As I mentioned earlier, Paint Stores Group is implementing a 5% price increase effective February 1st. The Performance Coatings and the Consumer Brands Group are also likely to have some targeted pricing activity in 2024, though at a more modest level than Paint Stores.
As for our specific outlook, the slide deck issued with this morning's press release includes our expectations for consolidated and segment sales for the first quarter of 2024. The deck also includes our expectations for the full year, where consolidated sales are expected to be up a low to mid single-digit percentage and diluted net income per share is expected to be in the range of $10.05 to $10.55 per share. Excluding acquisition-related amortization expense of approximately $0.80 per share, adjusted diluted net income per share is expected in the range of $10.85 to $11.35, an increase of over 7% at the midpoint compared to 2023's adjusted diluted net income per share of $10.35. We've provided a GAAP reconciliation in Reg G table within our press release.
Let me provide some additional data points and an update to our capital allocation priorities. Given incremental 2024 pricing, raw material deflation, and Paint Stores Group, our largest and highest gross margin segment, growing sales faster than the other two segments, we would expect full year gross margin expansion. We expect SG&A dollars to increase by a more typical level and increase by a mid single-digit percentage in 2024, a moderation from the low double-digit percentage increase we reported in 2023. We expect the investments we made last year and those we plan to make this year will enable us to grow at a multiple of the market. We plan to control costs tightly in non-customer facing functions and we have a variety of SG&A levers we can pull depending on a material change to our outlook up or down.
We expect to open 80 to 100 new stores in the US and Canada in 2024. We'll also be focused on sales reps, capacity and productivity, system improvements, and product innovation. Next month at our Board of Directors meeting, we will recommend an annual dividend increase of 18.2% to $2.86 per share, up from $2.42 last year. If approved, this will mark the 46th consecutive year that we have increased our dividend.
We expect to continue making opportunistic share repurchases. We'll also continue to evaluate acquisitions that fit our strategy. We have a manageable $1.1 billion of long-term debt due in 2024 and expect to refinance the debt at higher rates. We expect to be within our current long-term target debt to adjusted EBITDA leverage ratio of 2 to 2.5 times.
In addition, I will refer you to the slide deck issued with our press release this morning, which provides guidance on our expectations for currency exchange, effective tax rate, capex, depreciation and amortization, and interest expense. Our team is operating with great confidence as we begin 2024. We are extremely well positioned to continue delivering shareholder value.
And I want to thank John Morikis for the incredibly strong foundation he leaves with us as he moves into his role as Executive Chair. I'm also grateful for the outstanding executive leadership team surrounding me. Given that there is still a considerable amount of uncertainty in the global economy, we believe our initial 2024 outlook is an appropriate one. Should the demand environment prove to be stronger than we are currently assuming, we would expect to do better than the guidance we are laying out today.
Our first quarter is a seasonally smaller one. For that reason, we will not be making any updates to full year guidance until our second quarter is completed, and we have a better view of how the painting season is unfolding. Our strategy is clear, our priorities are focused, and our people are ready. We will continue to win by providing innovative solutions that help our customers to be more productive and more profitable. We expect to deliver meaningful earnings growth in 2024.
This concludes our prepared remarks. With that, I'd like to thank you for joining us this morning and we'll be happy to take your questions.
