As of the most recent reporting period, the following institutional investors, funds, and major shareholders have reported short positions of Vale: Jefferies Financial Group Inc., Wolverine Trading LLC, Squarepoint Ops LLC, Nomura Holdings Inc., Millennium Management LLC, Jefferies Financial Group Inc., Group One Trading LLC, D. E. Shaw & Co. Inc., Cubist Systematic Strategies LLC, Citadel Advisors LLC, BNP Paribas Financial Markets, Jane Street Group LLC, Optiver Holding B.V., Tudor Investment Corp ET AL, Capital Markets Trading UK LLP, CMT Capital Markets Trading GmbH, Westchester Capital Management LLC, Parallax Volatility Advisers L.P., HAP Trading LLC, Concourse Financial Group Securities Inc., PEAK6 LLC, Walleye Trading LLC, Walleye Capital LLC, Capital Fund Management S.A., Summit Securities Group LLC, Sagil Capital LLP, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Simplex Trading LLC, NINE MASTS CAPITAL Ltd, Genus Capital Management Inc., and XR Securities LLC. These positions are disclosed in Form 13F filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission.