Understanding a company's profitability is crucial for making informed investment decisions. Earnings per share (EPS) simplifies this process by breaking down a company's earnings into a per-share value, offering investors a straightforward way to compare stocks. Whether you’re evaluating potential investments or fine-tuning your portfolio, learning how to use EPS effectively can give you a significant advantage.
What Is Earnings Per Share?
EPS reflects how much profit a company generates per outstanding share of stock. It levels the playing field for comparing businesses of different sizes by expressing profitability on a per-share basis.
So, what is a "good" earnings per share?
There’s no universal benchmark for a good EPS, as profitability standards vary across industries. For example, a company in a high-margin industry like healthcare might report higher EPS than one in a low-margin sector like aerospace. EPS is most meaningful when compared within the same industry or, better yet, against a company’s historical performance.
Types of Earnings Per Share
There are multiple types of EPS values, with each value providing a different view of a company's financials.
| EPS Type |
Best For |
Significance in Metrics |
Limitations |
| Current EPS |
Quick comparisons and short-term snapshots |
Basis for P/E ratio |
Ignores seasonal or cyclical trends |
| Diluted EPS |
Conservative estimate for diluted earnings |
Used in due diligence and conservative valuation |
Assumes all convertible securities are exercised |
| Trailing EPS |
Historical trend analysis |
Common in value investing and stability evaluations |
Reflects past performance, not future potential |
| Forward EPS |
Growth projections and future estimates |
Basis for forward-looking P/E ratios |
Relies on analyst estimates, which may be inaccurate |
Current EPS
Current EPS, sometimes called “basic EPS,” is the most common way to determine earnings per share. It is also the most straightforward calculation, derived from the most recent quarterly earnings report. It is commonly used in conjunction with the Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio to evaluate a company's valuation.
Current EPS is best suited for short-term snapshots and quick comparisons between companies, but may not accurately reflect seasonal or cyclical fluctuations and does not account for potential dilution.
The formula for calculating Current EPS is:
EPS = (Net Income – Preferred Dividends) / Total Outstanding Shares
- Net Income: The company’s total profit after expenses, taxes, and interest
- Preferred Dividends: Dividends paid to preferred shareholders, excluded from common shareholders' profit
- Outstanding Shares: The total number of shares owned by all shareholders
Diluted EPS
Diluted EPS measures a company's earnings per share, assuming all convertible securities (like stock options, warrants, and convertible bonds) are exercised or converted into common stock—which might not occur in reality. It is important for accurate valuation during due diligence and mergers or acquisitions.
Diluted EPS provides a more conservative estimate of profitability by accounting for the potential dilution of existing shareholders' equity. Investors use it to understand the "worst-case" scenario of share dilution's effect on earnings.
The formula for diluted EPS is:
Diluted EPS = (Net Income - Preferred Dividends) / (Weighted Average Shares Outstanding + Dilutive Securities)
- Net Income: The company’s total profit after expenses, taxes, and interest
- Preferred Dividends: Dividends paid to preferred shareholders, excluded from common shareholders' profit
- Outstanding Shares: The total number of shares owned by all shareholders
- Diluted Potential Shares: Additional shares that would result from the exercise or conversion of convertible securities
Trailing EPS
Trailing EPS averages earnings over the past 12 months and is commonly used for value-based investing and assessing stock performance relative to historical profitability. It smooths out quarterly fluctuations, helping investors evaluate stability. It is often used to calculate the P/E Ratio, which helps assess a stock's valuation relative to its earnings. Trailing EPS reflects past performance and may not be indicative of future potential.
The formula for calculating Trailing EPS is:
Trailing EPS = Last 12 Months' Net Income / Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
- Net Income: Company's profit over the last 12 months (also called trailing twelve months or TTM)
- Weighted Average Shares Outstanding: Changes in the number of shares during the period, such as stock splits, buybacks, or new share issues
Forward EPS
Forward EPS is valuable for growth-oriented investors as it projects future profitability based on analysts' estimates instead of company data. While not as precise or reliable as historical data, it’s a helpful indicator of growth potential. It is often used in forward-looking P/E ratios to evaluate growth expectations.
The formula for calculating Forward EPS is:
Forward EPS = Estimated Future Net Income / Projected Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
- Estimated Net Income: The company's projected profit for a future period (typically the next 12 months) as forecasted by analysts or company guidance
- Projected Weighted Average Shares Outstanding: Any expected changes in the number of outstanding shares, such as planned buybacks, issuances, or splits
What does EPS indicate?
EPS provides investors with several key insights:
Profitability Comparison
EPS standardizes earnings to make comparisons fair, regardless of company size. For instance, a small company with a high EPS might be more efficient than a larger competitor with lower profitability.
Earnings Quality
Consistent EPS growth signals sustainable profitability, while erratic EPS suggests instability or reliance on non-recurring events.
Future Returns
A high EPS often indicates potential for dividend increases or stock price appreciation, making it a critical metric for both income-focused and growth-oriented investors.
How to Use EPS for Stock Selection
EPS simplifies comparing companies of different sizes by focusing on profitability per share. Here’s a practical example:
- Company X reports $500 million in revenue, $100 million in net income, and has 50 million shares outstanding. EPS = $2.
- Company Y also reports $500 million in revenue but generates only $50 million in net income with 10 million shares outstanding. EPS = $5.
Despite lower total earnings, Company Y delivers more value per share, potentially making it a stronger investment.
What Is Adjusted EPS?
Adjusted EPS excludes one-time or non-recurring items, like asset sales or restructuring costs, offering a more accurate picture of ongoing profitability. This metric is particularly useful when evaluating companies undergoing significant changes, such as mergers.
For example, items such as gains or losses from the sale of assets, restructuring charges or impairment charges not expected to recur in the future would all be excluded from an adjusted EPS. Some companies also exclude the cost of stock-based compensation from adjusted EPS calculations.
What Are the Limitations of EPS?
While EPS is a valuable tool, it has several noteworthy limitations.
- EPS can be influenced by non-cash items like depreciation and amortization, which do not directly impact cash flow.
- Companies can manipulate EPS through accounting techniques, such as changing depreciation methods or capitalizing expenses, to present a more favorable picture.
- It focuses on profitability and does not account for a company’s financial health, such as debt levels or liquidity.
- EPS alone does not provide information about growth prospects, industry comparisons, or market dynamics.
- Share repurchases can artificially inflate EPS by reducing the number of outstanding shares without any actual improvement in profitability.
- It does not consider the cost of debt or equity, which can significantly impact overall financial performance.
- EPS emphasizes quarterly or annual results, which might encourage short-term decision-making rather than long-term value creation.
- Inflation might skew the real purchasing power or economic value.
- EPS alone is less meaningful in capital-intensive or early-stage industries where profitability varies significantly.
- It doesn’t factor in the risks a company takes to achieve its earnings, limiting its ability to represent the sustainability of those earnings.
- Trailing EPS can be misleading during periods of rapid growth or decline.
- Analyst projections are subject to estimation errors or overly optimistic/pessimistic assumptions.
- Adjusted EPS relies on subjective judgment about what qualifies as "non-recurring," potentially distorting comparability.
To mitigate these limitations, EPS is often used alongside other metrics like P/E ratio, free cash flow, and return on equity (ROE).
While EPS is a critical metric for evaluating a company's profitability and potential as an investment, it is most effective when used in conjunction with other financial indicators and industry-specific analyses. By understanding the nuances of different EPS types—current, diluted, trailing, forward, and adjusted—investors can gain a clearer picture of a company's financial health and future prospects. Recognizing its limitations and supplementing EPS with complementary metrics like the P/E ratio or free cash flow ensures a more comprehensive approach to investment decision-making. By mastering EPS and its applications, investors can build a well-informed, resilient portfolio poised for long-term success.
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